1. Haematology (Blood Cell Tests)

Haematology evaluates blood cells and blood-related disorders.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Measures:

• Hemoglobin (Hb)
• Red Blood Cells (RBC)
• White Blood Cells (WBC)
• Platelet Count
• Hematocrit (HCT/PCV)
• MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
• MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin)
• MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration)
• RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width)

Differential Count (DC)

Measures:

• Neutrophils
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

• Indicates inflammation or infection.

Blood Grouping

• ABO blood group
• Rh factor (positive/negative)

2. Biochemistry

Biochemistry tests evaluate organs and metabolism.

Blood Sugar

• Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
• Random Blood Sugar (RBS)
• HbA1c (sometimes)

Kidney Function Tests (KFT/RFT)

• Serum Creatinine
• Blood Urea
• Uric Acid
• eGFR (sometimes)

Liver Function Tests (LFT)

• ALT (SGPT)
• AST (SGOT)
• Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
• Total Bilirubin
• Direct Bilirubin
• Albumin
• Total Protein

Lipid Profile

• Total Cholesterol
• Triglycerides
• HDL Cholesterol
• LDL Cholesterol
• VLDL Cholesterol

Electrolytes

• Sodium (Na⁺)
• Potassium (K⁺)
• Chloride (Cl⁻)

3. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)

ELISA is a laboratory technique used to detect antibodies or antigens in blood.

Common ELISA Tests:

• HIV I & II Antibody
• HBsAg (Hepatitis B Surface Antigen)
• Anti-HCV (Hepatitis C Antibody)
• Dengue IgG/IgM (when required)
• Other infectious disease screenings

4. Virology

Virology focuses on viral infections.

Common tests:

• HIV/AIDS Screening
• Hepatitis B (HBsAg)
• Hepatitis C (Anti-HCV)
• Viral load tests (if needed)
• Confirmatory tests for positive screening results

For overseas employment, HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C screening are among the most commonly required tests.

5. Serology

Tests for antibodies and infectious diseases.

Common tests:

• VDRL/RPR (Syphilis)
• Widal Test (Typhoid)
• CRP (C-Reactive Protein)
• Rheumatoid Factor (RF)

6. Clinical Pathology

Urine Examination (R/E)

Physical Examination:

• Color
• Appearance
• Specific Gravity
• pH

Chemical Examination:

• Sugar
• Protein (Albumin)
• Ketones
• Blood
• Bilirubin

Microscopic Examination:

• RBC
• WBC/Pus Cells
• Epithelial Cells
• Crystals
• Casts
• Bacteria

Stool Examination (if required)

• Ova
• Parasites
• Worms
• Occult Blood

7. Microbiology

Identifies bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms.

Examples:

• Urine Culture
• Blood Culture
• Sputum Culture
• Sensitivity Testing

8. Tuberculosis (TB) Screening

For overseas medical fitness:

Chest X-Ray

Used to detect:

• Active TB
• Old healed TB lesions
• Other lung abnormalities

Additional TB Tests (if indicated)

• Sputum AFB
• GeneXpert MTB/RIF
• TB Culture

9. Sample Collection Details

Blood Collection

Usually:

• 3–10 mL venous blood
• Collected in special tubes:
  • EDTA Tube → CBC
  • Plain Tube → Biochemistry
  • Gel Tube → Serology/ELISA
  • Fluoride Tube → Glucose

Urine Collection

• Midstream clean-catch urine sample
• Usually 20–50 mL

Stool Collection

• Fresh stool in sterile container

Sputum Collection

• Early morning sputum for TB testing

Tests Commonly Required for Overseas Medical Fitness

Most overseas medical centers perform:

✓ CBC
✓ Blood Group
✓ Blood Sugar
✓ HIV Screening
✓ HBsAg
✓ Anti-HCV
✓ Urine R/E
✓ Chest X-Ray
✓ Physical Examination
✓ Vision Test
✓ Blood Pressure Check